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Edebiyyat Toplu PDF: A Guide to Azerbaijani Literature

Azerbaijan is a country with a rich and diverse cultural heritage, located at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. One of the most important aspects of its culture is its literature, which is written in Azerbaijani, a Turkic language that has been influenced by Persian, Arabic, Russian, and other languages. Edebiyyat toplu pdf is a term that refers to a collection of PDF files that contain various works of Azerbaijani literature, from ancient epics to modern novels. In this article, we will explore what edebiyyat toplu pdf is, why it is important to learn about Azerbaijani literature, and how to access and enjoy it.

The history and development of Azerbaijani literature

Azerbaijani literature has a long and fascinating history that spans over a thousand years. It can be divided into several periods, each with its own characteristics, influences, and achievements.

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The early period: poetry and folk literature

The earliest examples of Azerbaijani literature date back to the 14th and 15th centuries, when Azerbaijan was under the rule of two Turkic tribal confederations: the Qara Qoyunlu (Black Sheep) and the Aq Qoyunlu (White Sheep). Poetry was the dominant genre at this time, with poets such as Haqiqi, Habibi, Gazi Burhanaddin, and Imadaddin Nesimi. Nesimi is considered one of the most prominent early Divan masters in Turkic literary history, who wrote poems in both Persian and Azerbaijani. He was also a follower of Hurufism, a mystical branch of Islam that emphasized the symbolic meaning of letters.

Azerbaijani folk literature is also an important part of this period, as it reflects the oral tradition that was deeply rooted in Central Asian nomadic culture. Folk literature includes fairy tales, legends, proverbs, sayings, riddles, songs, lullabies, ashik poetry, dastans (epic stories), and bayatis (quatrains). Folk literature expresses the wisdom, values, beliefs, humor, imagination, and creativity of the Azerbaijani people.

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The influence of Persian and Arabic languages and cultures

From the 16th to the 19th centuries, Azerbaijan was part of various Persian empires, such as the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, Qajar, and Pahlavi dynasties. During this time, Persian became the official language of administration, education, religion, and literature in Azerbaijan. Many Azerbaijani poets wrote in Persian, and some of them also used Arabic, which was the language of the Quran and Islamic sciences. Persian and Arabic languages and cultures had a significant impact on Azerbaijani literature, as they introduced new forms, styles, themes, and vocabulary. Some of the most famous Azerbaijani poets who wrote in Persian and Arabic include Shah Ismail Khatai, the founder of the Safavid dynasty and a renowned poet and warrior; Muhammad Fuzuli, the author of Leyli and Majnun, a tragic love story that is considered one of the masterpieces of Azerbaijani literature; and Molla Panah Vagif, the vizier of the Karabakh khanate and a prominent representative of realism and satire in poetry.

The modern period: novels and newspapers

The modern period of Azerbaijani literature began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when Azerbaijan was part of the Russian Empire and later the Soviet Union. This period witnessed the emergence of new genres, such as novels, short stories, essays, memoirs, and newspapers. Azerbaijani writers were influenced by Western literary movements, such as romanticism, realism, naturalism, symbolism, modernism, and social criticism. They also addressed the issues and challenges that faced Azerbaijan in this turbulent time, such as colonialism, nationalism, revolution, war, industrialization, urbanization, education, women's rights, and social justice. Some of the most influential Azerbaijani writers of this period include Mirza Fatali Akhundov, the founder of Azerbaijani drama and satire; Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, the pioneer of Azerbaijani realism and journalism; Nariman Narimanov, a statesman and a novelist; Jafar Jabbarli, a playwright and a poet; Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli, a novelist and a historian; Samad Vurgun, a poet and a public figure; and Rasul Rza, a poet and a translator.

The challenges and achievements under Soviet rule

Azerbaijani literature faced many difficulties under Soviet rule, which lasted from 1920 to 1991. Azerbaijani writers were subjected to censorship, repression, persecution, exile, and execution by the Soviet authorities. Many writers were accused of being bourgeois nationalists, counter-revolutionaries, or enemies of the people. Some writers were forced to conform to the official ideology of socialist realism, which demanded that literature should depict the reality of socialist society in a positive and optimistic way. However, despite these challenges, Azerbaijani literature also achieved some remarkable accomplishments under Soviet rule. Azerbaijani writers contributed to the development of various literary genres and forms, such as science fiction, detective fiction, children's literature, and memoirs. Azerbaijani writers also participated in the cultural and intellectual life of the Soviet Union, winning prestigious awards, such as the Lenin Prize, the Stalin Prize, and the USSR State Prize. Some of the notable Azerbaijani writers of this period include Anar Rzayev, a novelist and a short story writer; Chingiz Abdullayev, a detective fiction writer; Elchin Efendiyev, a playwright and a novelist; and Fikrat Goja, a poet and a publicist. The main genres and themes of Azerbaijani literature

Azerbaijani literature is characterized by its diversity and richness of genres and themes. Some of the main genres and themes are:

Ashik poetry: the art of bards and storytellers

Ashik poetry is a form of oral folk poetry that is performed by ashiks, who are bards and storytellers. Ashiks play a stringed instrument called saz and sing songs that are composed of verses called bayatis. Ashik poetry is based on improvisation, rhyme, rhythm, and melody. Ashik poetry covers various topics, such as love, heroism, morality, religion, history, and politics. Ashik poetry is one of the oldest and most popular forms of Azerbaijani literature, and it has influenced many other genres and authors. Some of the famous ashiks in Azerbaijani history are Ashik Garib, Ashik Veysel, Ashik Shamshir, Ashik Pasha, and Ashik Ali.

Divan poetry: the expression of mystical and philosophical thoughts

Divan poetry is a form of classical poetry that is written in Persian or Arabic languages and follows strict rules of meter, rhyme, and style. Divan poetry is influenced by Islamic mysticism (Sufism) and philosophy, and it often uses allegory, symbolism, imagery, and metaphors to convey deep meanings. Divan poetry is usually composed of ghazals (lyrical poems), qasidas (odes), rubais (quatrains), masnavis (narrative poems), and mathnavis (didactic poems). Divan poetry is one of the most sophisticated and refined forms of Azerbaijani literature, and it has produced some of the greatest poets in world literature. Some of the eminent divan poets in Azerbaijani history are Nizami Ganjavi, Fuzuli, Nasimi, Khatai, Vagif, Sabir, Javid, Vahabzadeh, and Sevinj Nurugizi.

Realism and social criticism: the reflection of contemporary issues and struggles

Realism and social criticism are literary movements that emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries in response to the social and political changes that occurred in Azerbaijan under Russian and Soviet rule. Realism and social criticism aim to depict the reality of life in Azerbaijan with accuracy, honesty, and objectivity. Realism and social criticism also express the opinions, feelings, and aspirations of the Azerbaijani people, and criticize the injustices, inequalities, and oppressions that they face. Realism and social criticism are the most influential and widely read genres of Azerbaijani literature, and they have created some of the most memorable characters and stories in Azerbaijani culture. Some of the prominent realism and social criticism writers in Azerbaijani history are Akhundov, Mammadguluzadeh, Narimanov, Jabbarli, Chamanzaminli, Efendiyev, Rzayev, Abdullayev, and Goja.

Romanticism and nationalism: the celebration of love and identity

Romanticism and nationalism are literary movements that emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries in reaction to the domination of foreign powers and ideologies in Azerbaijan. Romanticism and nationalism emphasize the emotions, imagination, creativity, and individuality of the Azerbaijani people, and celebrate their love, beauty, nature, history, culture, and identity. Romanticism and nationalism also inspire the Azerbaijani people to resist the foreign influences and to seek their freedom, independence, and dignity. Romanticism and nationalism are the most passionate and patriotic genres of Azerbaijani literature, and they have contributed to the development of Azerbaijani national consciousness and identity. Some of the notable romanticism and nationalism writers in Azerbaijani history are Vurgun, Javid, Seidzadeh, Huseynov, Shirvani, Bagirov, Mammad Araz, Mutallibov, and Aliyev.

The prominent authors and works of Azerbaijani literature

Azerbaijani literature has produced many outstanding authors and works that have enriched the world literature with their originality, diversity, and excellence. Some of the prominent authors and works of Azerbaijani literature are:

Nizami Ganjavi: the master of epic poetry and romance

Nizami Ganjavi (1141-1209) is one of the greatest poets of all time, who wrote in Persian language. He is best known for his Khamsa (Quintet), a collection of five epic poems that are based on historical or legendary figures. The Khamsa includes Makhzan al-Asrar (The Treasury of Mysteries), Khusraw o Shirin (Khusraw and Shirin), Layli o Majnun (Layli and Majnun), Eskandar-nameh (The Book of Alexander), and Haft Paykar (The Seven Beauties). Nizami Ganjavi is admired for his mastery of storytelling, characterization, imagery, symbolism, and philosophy. He is also regarded as the founder of the genre of romantic epic poetry in Persian literature. His works have been translated into many languages and have inspired many other poets and writers, such as Fuzuli, Jami, Amir Khusraw, Hafez, Rumi, Goethe, Byron, and Pushkin.

Fuzuli: the poet of love and sorrow

Fuzuli (1483-1556) is one of the most celebrated poets of Azerbaijani literature, who wrote in Azerbaijani, Persian, and Arabic languages. He is best known for his Leyli o Majnun (Leyli and Majnun), a poetic adaptation of Nizami Ganjavi's epic poem of the same name. Fuzuli's Leyli o Majnun is considered one of the masterpieces of Azerbaijani literature, as it expresses the depth and intensity of love and sorrow with eloquence, elegance, and emotion. Fuzuli is also famous for his ghazals (lyrical poems), which are distinguished by their simplicity, sincerity, and beauty. Fuzuli's poetry reflects his personal life and his historical context, as he lived in a time of turmoil and suffering under the Safavid and Ottoman empires.

Mirza Fatali Akhundov: the founder of Azerbaijani drama and satire

Mirza Fatali Akhundov (1812-1878) is one of the most influential writers of Azerbaijani literature, who wrote in Azerbaijani and Persian languages. He is best known for his six comedies, which are the first examples of drama in Azerbaijani literature. His comedies are satirical and critical of the social and political problems that plagued Azerbaijan in the 19th century, such as ignorance, superstition, corruption, fanaticism, and oppression. His comedies include The Adventures of a Miserly Man (1848), The Botanist Monsieur Jordan and the Sorcerer Dervish Mastali Shah (1850), The Deceived Stars (1851), The Dead Are Alive or The Baku People in 1870 (1855), The Tale of Monsieur Jordan the Botanist and Dervish Mastali Shah Who Was Supposed to Be a Magician (1860), and Haji Gara or The Miserable Man (1869). Akhundov is also renowned for his essays, letters, memoirs, and translations, which demonstrate his progressive and enlightened views on various topics, such as education, science, religion, culture, and reform. Akhundov is regarded as the founder of Azerbaijani drama and satire, and one of the pioneers of Azerbaijani enlightenment and modernism.

Jalil Mammadguluzadeh: the pioneer of Azerbaijani realism and journalism

Jalil Mammadguluzadeh (1866-1932) is one of the most prominent writers of Azerbaijani literature, who wrote in Azerbaijani and Russian languages. He is best known for his short stories, which are the first examples of realism in Azerbaijani literature. His short stories depict the life and struggles of the Azerbaijani people in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with a sharp eye for detail, humor, irony, and social criticism. His short stories include The Postbox (1894), The Disappearance of the Moon (1894), The Story of a Poor Man (1895), The Story of Mashadi Ibad (1903), The Story of Danabash Village (1904), The Story of Kechachi Village (1906), and The Story of a Deli (1910). Mammadguluzadeh is also famous for his journalism, as he founded and edited Molla Nasraddin, a satirical magazine that was widely read and influential in Azerbaijan and other Muslim regions. Mammadguluzadeh is considered the pioneer of Azerbaijani realism and journalism, and one of the leaders of Azerbaijani national awakening and democratic movement.

Kurban Said: the mysterious author of Ali and Nino, a cross-cultural love story

Kurban Said is a pseudonym that is used by the author of Ali and Nino, a novel that was published in 1937 in German language. The novel tells the story of Ali Khan Shirvanshir, a Muslim Azerbaijani nobleman, and Nino Kipiani, a Christian Georgian princess, who fall in love and marry despite their cultural and religious differences. The novel is set in Baku, Azerbaijan, during the First World War and the Russian Revolution, and portrays the historical events and social changes that affect the lives of the main characters. The novel is widely regarded as one of the most beautiful and tragic love stories in world literature, and as a masterpiece of Azerbaijani literature. However, the identity of Kurban Said remains a mystery, as there are different theories and claims about who he or she was. Some of the possible candidates are Lev Nussimbaum, a Jewish writer who converted to Islam; Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli, an Azerbaijani writer who died in a Soviet prison; Essad Bey, a pen name used by Nussimbaum; or a collaboration of several writers who used the same pseudonym. The mystery of Kurban Said adds to the charm and intrigue of Ali and Nino, a novel that has been translated into many languages and adapted into films, plays, and operas.

Conclusion

Edebiyyat toplu pdf is a valuable resource for anyone who wants to learn about Azerbaijani literature, one of the most diverse and rich literatures in the world. Azerbaijani literature has a long and fascinating history that reflects the culture, identity, and aspirations of the Azerbaijani people. Azerbaijani literature also offers a variety of genres and themes that appeal to different tastes and interests. Azerbaijani literature is a treasure that deserves to be read, appreciated, and enjoyed by everyone.

FAQs

Here are some frequently asked questions about edebiyyat toplu pdf and Azerbaijani literature:

What is the difference between North Azerbaijani and South Azerbaijani varieties?

Azerbaijani is a Turkic language that has two main varieties: North Azerbaijani and South Azerbaijani. North Azerbaijani is spoken in Azerbaijan, Dagestan, Georgia, Russia, Turkey, and other countries. South Azerbaijani is spoken in Iran, Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, and other countries. The two varieties are mutually intelligible, but they have some differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and writing system. North Azerbaijani uses the Latin alphabet, while South Azerbaijani uses the Arabic or Persian alphabet.

What are the main sources of Azerbaijani folklore?

Azerbaijani folklore is a rich and diverse collection of oral traditions that have been passed down from generation to generation. Azerbaijani folklore includes fairy tales, legends, proverbs, sayings, riddles, songs, lullabies, ashik poetry, dastans (epic stories), and bayatis (quatrains). The main sources of Azerbaijani folklore are the Turkic nomadic culture that originated in Central Asia, the Persian and Arabic cultures that influenced Azerbaijan for centuries, and the local cultures of various regions and ethnic groups in Azerbaijan.

What are some of the common features of Azerbaijani literature?

Azerbaijani literature has some common features that distinguish it from other literatures. Some of these features are:

• The use of multiple languages: Azerbaijani writers have used different languages in their works, such as Azerbaijani, Persian, Arabic, Russian, Turkish, and German. This reflects the linguistic diversity and complexity of Azerbaijani culture and history.

• The influence of oral tradition: Azerbaijani literature has been influenced by the oral tradition that dates back to the Turkic nomadic culture. Oral literature, such as ashik poetry, dastans, and bayatis, has shaped the style, form, and content of written literature. Oral literature also preserves the memory, identity, and values of the Azerbaijani people.

• The expression of love and sorrow: Azerbaijani literature is known for its expression of love and sorrow, which are two of the most universal and profound human emotions. Love and sorrow are often intertwined in Azerbaijani literature, as they reflect the joys and pains of life. Love and sorrow are also associated with mystical and philosophical concepts, such as God, fate, death, and eternity.

• The celebration of national identity: Azerbaijani literature is also known for its celebration of national identity, which is a sense of belonging and pride in one's country, culture, and people. National identity is often expressed through romanticism and nationalism, which emphasize the beauty, history, heritage, and values of Azerbaijan. National identity is also expressed through resistance and struggle against foreign domination and oppression.

This is the end of the article on edebiyyat toplu pdf. I hope you enjoyed reading it and learned something new about Azerbaijani literature. Thank you for your attention and interest. 44f88ac181